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, 4 Sheets-Sheet 3.` N. J. GALLAND. System of Malting and Apparatus Em ployed Theren. Patented May 24,1881.

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. 4 Sheets-Sheet 4. N. J. GALLAND. System ofMalting and Apparatus Employed Therein.

Patented Nlay 24, 1881.

w s si UNITED STATES PATENT OEEICE. y

NICOLAS JOSEPH GALLAND, OF PARIS, FRANCE.

SYSTEM OF MALTING AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 241,958, dated May 24, 1881.

Application filed April 27, 1878. Patented in England, No. 1,988 of 1874, and No. 2,825 of 1876; in France June 2, 1874, in Belgium June 4, 1874, in Alsace-Lorraine June l0, 1874, in Austria August 31, 1874, and in Bavaria December 12, 1874.

To all lwhom 'it may concern:

Be it known that I, NICOLAS JOSEPH GAL- LAND, of Paris, in the Republic of France, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the System of Malting and the Apparatus Employed Therein, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact description, reference being had tothe accompanying drawings, forming part of this specifica-tion.

The transformation of barley into malt is usually effected by these distinct operations, viz., steeping, germination, and drying or kilndrying.

To obtain a malt of evenv quality it is not only necessary to use barley ot' regular growth, but, during its steeping and germination, every partof the grain must have contact with pure air of an even degree of humidity and heat.

My invention relates particularly to the operations ofsteeping and germinating and it consists, mainly, in causing acurrent of air to be drawn through the mass ot' grain during its treatment, which current of air is maintained atthe proper temperature by passing itthrough a` mass of broken stones, coke, and the like, which is kept damp by means of well-water.

Theinvention further embraces modifications and an improved apparatus.

The method generally practiced of steeping barley by successive immersions during fortyflve to-,sixty hours is believed to have three defects, viz First, the suffocation of some stunted grains, second, the dissolution of about one-haltl of' the useful component parts of the grain, which are carried off by the steepingliquor; and, third, in more thoroughly steeping or soaking the grains at the bottom of the vat than those at the top, on account of the difference in the pressure of the steeping-liquor.

To avoid these defects I employ for steepin g very flat or shallow stationary vats, as A, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, in which the thickness of the layer or bed of barley is not over fifty centimeters, wherebythe light grains are permitted to rise to the surface with great facility, and the pressure of the steeping-liquor ou the barley of good quality is so diminished that the Water or steeping-liquor may be left six to eight hours on the grain without stirring 'the mass.,

When the water (if water is used, as is cornmonly practiced, as the steeping-liquor) is once drawn oft', it is only necessary to sprinkle the barley 'at regular intervals and to stirit Well with the shovel. The grain then readily absorbs this sprinkling-Water Without being deprived of the requisite contact with the air. It swells up in the desired time and no useful substance is carried off, as is the case in the ordinary method. Such an operation, however, requires considerable labor, aud in order to obviate or lessen this I provide said shallow steeping-vats with perforated false bottoms or supporting-plates B, suitably fixed about ten centimeters above the bottom proper, M, of such vats, which plates properly support the thin bed or layer ot' grain and admit the passage of a current ot air through the grain during the intervals of spri nkling the same. This current of air is caused to pass from above through the layer of grain, as is indicated by the arrows N, (see Fig. 4,) and may be generated by any common motor, wherebyy a current of air is drawn through a conduct-pipe, as m, which, communicating through the plate B with the chamber between it and the bottom M of the vat, causes the air to pass through-the grain in the vat and thence to find its exit through the pipem. This currentofairmaybe controlled by means of a damper, as x, with which the pipe mis provided. (See Fig. 4.) This current of air may be used after the first steeping of about six hours duration is tinished, and it is drawn through the mass of grain, and thoroughly ventilates the same by supplyin g oxygen and carrying oft' the carbonio-acid gas which is formed and given oft' by the grains, so that after forty to sixty hours, when the grain is suiciently soaked with water, it may remain three days in the steeping-vat without being stirred 5 but after three days the germination of the grain will have been so far effected that its rootlets will have become so long as to intertwine and felt the whole mass together, thus stopping up the holes in the plate B and preventing'the passage ot' the current of air. It is then necessary to empty the grain into proper receptacles for finishing its germination. This may be accomplished by removing a plug, o, Fig. 4, from the mouth end of a dischargepipe, as a, with which each vat is supplied, and

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. ters the end of the cylinder C2, wherehyther grain may be sprinkled with water at pleasure. t t 4 5k which extends through the bottom plate, M, and the simporting-plate P of said vat. This pipe a may lead to a stationary germinating-vat, as D, Figs. 1, 2, 3, or to a rotating germinatingdrum, C, (shown in detail in Fig. 6,) which gerlninating vats or drums are suitably placed n the floor beneath the steeping-vats, and arranged in proper series, as will be more fully hereinafter explained.

The steeping alternating with ventilation just described as carried on in shallow vats gives very good results; but about three fourths per cent. ot' the soluble substances of the grain is still lost, and if the sprinkling is followed by shoveling the grain over for equalizing the moisture the labor involved is necessarily conA Siderable.

To avoid these defects the steeping may be done in rotating cylindrical drums A', Fig. 5. These drums are constructed of two heads, 0 P, centrally perforated, and properly tlanged to receive the ends of and support an exterior casing or cylinder, C3, and an interior central cylinder, C2, which cylinders are perforated to admit the passage of air. These drums are provided with an opening, (2, to the chamber formed between the cylinder C and the cylinder C2, which opening is closed by any common means, as a cap or doei' provided with suitable fastenings, and serves to admit ofthe introduction ordischarge ofthe grain. The headsofthe drum are properly shaped, so as to constitute wheels, or the body ot' the drum is provided with rings acting as wheels, whereby it may rest and be revolved upon rollers B2. It is supplied with an air-pipe, E', connected to the cylinder (J2 by a 1-)acking-:hox,so as ynot toobstruct the revolving of the drum, whichr revolving may be accomplished by any colnlnon means. This air-pipe E! also eonnectswith anairfmotoigin f like manner ask does ythe pipem. lty is also provided withan injector-pipe, D', which en- The grainisintroduced through the opening Q into this steeping-drum, which openingis then closed and the said drum is slowly ree volved. `At'the beginningotthe operation thc grain is nioistened. kAfter an hour this moistening is followed by avery abundant sprinkhng of water, which'carries all the substances adheringktokthe surface of the grain tothe# trench F2. After this washing it is sufficient to give the grain the quantity kot' waternecessary to swell it up. f After remaining tive days in these drums, for steeping and preliminarily gcrminating the grains, the barley is emptied through the opening Q, and directed, by a suitable conduit-pipe, as in the case of the stationary shallow vats, into the xed germinatingcasesD,orinto the rotating germinating-drums C, which, as before stated, are located on the floor below. These steeping drums A are more expensive than the shallow vats A, but their operation is more perfect, and they are also capable of use as germinatingdrums m like manner as are the rotating` germinatingdrums C, yet to be explained.

Germination of the grains is produced under the influence of water and oxygen of the air, which, combining, in the presence of water, with the carbon ofthe grain, produces carbonicacid gas with disengagement of heat. Under this` influence the rootlets comcout of the grain, and the future stem advances within the husks. To produce these phenomena under the mostfavorahle circumstances is the principal object ofthe malster. For this purpose, in ordinary inalting, the barley when suliiciently steeped is then spread in thin layers on the germinating-tioor. rlhe grain becomes warm, and air must be given to the young plant to remove thecarbonic-acid gas and the hc'at, which would be generated under disastrous conditions if not regulated by repeated turning over day and night, which must be done by skillful hands. The malstercannot always guard against great irregularities in his malt. A number of the grains are crushed by the feet of the workmen, and these grains, as well as those which do not germinate, become moldy, and it is fortunate it' the whole mass is not too much heated through negligence.

In practicing the ordinary process the malster operates without much ditiiculty in temperate climates from September to May-that is to say, during the months when the average temperature is not over 120 ccntigrade. In winter the malster is often troubled by frost, which obliges him to smother his malt by closing the Ventilating-shutters, while in summer he must discontinue work altogether. Thus yover four months of the year are lost, a discharge of his men becomes :necessary,-f while f the espenditure` of a large amount of capital Lhas been involved in filling his sto1'cs,and his surplus raw materials are liable to` become de-r *f stroyed either by the attacks of insects or by theabsorption Lof moisture.

impressed by these defects in the commony system of inalting I have succeeded in devis ing a'rational process,whchcan be carried on with regularity during the whole year, for thek reason that it is operativeindependently of the fluctuations rof they temperature of` the air,

which system Icall ypneumatic1nalting,`and

which, compared to the old system, realizes grea t econo ni y in labor, cost ot' plantand working capital, while at the same time easily producing uniform malt of first quality and minimu|nacidity.

In carrying said process into effect I use for regulating the temperature well-water, which in temperate climates is nearly everywhere found at from 100 to 120 ecntigrade in ordinary wells.

My process consists in placing the barley previously steeped by the common means, or by one of the methods hereinbefore described, either into vats, as D, or into the revolving drum C, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 6, and to submit it therein to a regulated ventilation by causing a current of fresh and humid air to pass around each grain, by which means the barley is maintained at the required low temperature, and is enabled to pass through the different stages of germination without accident. The air is drawn through the mass of grains, (instead of being forced through the same,) and while passing regularly through vthe layers of grain from top to bottom and cooling them, carries with it the disengaged carbonio-acid gas, which is much heavier than the air. The air thus traversing the grain performs four functions, viz.: First, it supplies the oxygen, and, second, the moisture, both being necessary for the respiration of the grain in going through the chemical process of germination; third, it cools the germinating mass, and,fourth,it carries off the carbonio-acid gas which is produced.

The respiration of the germs requires but little oxygen, which can be supplied by a fceble current of air but the quantity of heat generated by germination must be absorbed by a very considerable quantity of fresh air, consid- `ering the low specic heat of the air and the slight difference of temperature it must have (a few degrees only) between its entering the grain and its leaving it,for,to yield good malt, the grain should not during germination have a higher temperature than the mean temperature ot' 150 or 160 centigrade. It' the large volume of fresh air necessary for cooling the layers of grain were not saturated with moisture it would tnally cause the grain to wither, if not to be desiccated, and thus modify or destroy the conditions favorable to germination.

In order to properly supply the air with moisture and the humid air with regularityl have devised an apparatus in which to carry out my system of malting, which I will now describe.

The malt-house, which is a closed structure, may be of any form, that of a rectangle shown being a good one, and constructed of any materials, masonry beingpreferred. At 011e end this house has an air-induction opening or passage, E, which will be supplied with a closingdoor, the purpose of said opening or passage being to supply from time to time the necessary amount of fresh air. Above this opening, and within its outerwall, this house is provided with one or more filter-chambers, H, Figs. 1 and 2, which I call coke-towers." They are preferably built of masonry and ofsuitable dimensions. Theirlower ends are provided with Y grates I, aud they are nearly filled with pieces of coke or broken stones, While near their tops these coke-towers open directly into the interior of said house by means of iiues S'. These towers are also provided at their upper ends with shower-pipes, as S, which pipes communicate with the wells or-tanks of the establishment and supplya constant shower of water upon the coke. At the opposite end of the house there is a chimney, W, provided-with'a damper or valve, K2, which communicates directly with the base of the coke-stack and the opening E by an auxiliary iine or conductor, F', that extends longitudinally underneath the -oor U, which tlue is provided with a valve, K'.

Beneath this auxiliary iiue or conductor F' is a main tlue or conductor, F, closed at both ends, but communicating with the chimney W by means of a fan, rotary engine, or other airmotor, G, which has its induction-orifice in the flue F, and its eduction-orifice at the end of the tlue F', in the said chimney W.

The steepin g apparatus, whether in the form ofthe shallow fixed vats A, Figs. 1 and 4, or the rotary drums A', Fig. 5, is supported in the upper part of the house upon transverse beamsV,or upon longitudinal grders Z,or both, or upon a perforated ooring, in such manner that there may be a free movement of the air around them and th roughoutthe whole interior of the house and the germinating,apparatus, whether in the form of stationary vats, as D, or rotating drums C, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 6. The vats D may be sunk into the iioor U, while the drums G rest thereon.

In one arrangement shown the air-pipes fm, with which the fixed shallow vats A are provided, as heretofore described,lead to and communicate with the main tlue or conductor F, as shown in Fig. 1, and their discharge-pipes n lead to the fixed germinating-vessels D, (see Figs. 1 and 3,) and these germinating-vessels D, being constructed as are the steeping-vats A-that is, having perforated false bottoms B, (see Fig. 1,)-cominuuicate directly with said iiue or conductor F by openings J, (seeFigs. l and 3,) which openings may be regulated by a gate, t. In another arrangement the steeping-vessels are rotating steeping-drums, constructed as is shown in Fig. 5, and has been heretofore explained, said drums being mounted iu the positions occupied by the steepingv-ats A, with their pipes E' communicating, as do the pipes m, `with the line F, but also connecting with the revolving germinating-drum C. These germiuating-drums C, Fig. 6, are constructed oftwo circular heads, a b,the former beingcentrally perforated to communicate with the short pipe G', to which heads are attached an exterior perforated sheet-metal cylinder, d, and an in terior perforated sheet-metal cylinder, R. The outer cylinder, d, has an opening, C', closed by a suitable cover.

Anuniber-fourto six-of longitudinal bars T, with their extremities turned at right angles for securing them to the heads a b, each have riveted to them fingers L, which act as lumpbreakers for dividing the mass of grain as the germinatng-vessel revolves and the mass assumes the inclination X to Y.

The interior cylinder,R,is provided with solid partition-plates e', whereby it is divided longitudinally into auumberof compartments. This cylinderR communicates,through a shortppe, G', with the pipe E', the head a being provided with a collar, t', that receives the end of said pipe G', which arrangement permits the vessel ICO IOS

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to revolve without disturbing said pipes G and E. This pipe G is provided with a num ber of rotating screens, r, 011e for each ot' the compartments of said cylinder R, constructed so that the size ot the passage from the pipe E to one or all ot' the said compartments may be varied, or even entirely closed, so as to regulate the ventilation orsuppress it, the proper movement of said screens being accomplished by suitable handles,only one oi' which is shown in Fig. 6. This pipe E is provided with a register, J, and communicates with the air-tiue F. (See Fig. 3.) It also extends upward and communicates with the steeping-vat A, said communication being controlled by a valve Jr, as in the case oi' the pipe m. This construction admits of the shutting ott communication with the drum C, so that a direct action with the steeping-vat A, or the steeping-drum A, (if such drums are used instead ofthe rats A.,) may be obtained; or, by closing the valve x and properly opening the register J, action with the germinatingdrum C may be had. This drum is provided with proper means, as the rings tt, for supporting it on rollers, as B2, so that it may turn thereon, and it may be supplied with any means for rotating it, as the toothed wheel c and drivingspinion p, its revolutions being almost imperceptible-that is, from two to fon r rotations per hour.

The grain to be steeped is placed in the stationary steeping-vats A or in the rotating steeping-drums A', Fig. 5, (it' such are pre ferred,) and the grain which has passed through ventilation and moistening, as bet'ore ex plained--that is, preliminarily steeped-is conveyed, as before explained, from the steepingvessels into the fixed germinating-cases D, where it is systematically turned over by handlabor, or into the revolving drum C, where the turning over is done mechanically. The air enters the malt-house through the opening E, and thence passes through the colte-tower up- .ward from the bottom to the top, against the fresh well-water, which is constantly showered by the pipe S upon the contents ot' the coketower,and throughout which it 1s distributed. Clhe'air then passes to the germinatinghall through the openings S. It is then, by the motor Gr, drawn into the title F after having passed-in a downward direction tluough the beds or masses of grain placed in either oi' the vessels heretofore described. From the title F the motor G draws the air for discharging it out through the chimney W, the valve K being closed and the damper K2 heilig opened.

The object of the coke-tower is to filter the nir, to cool and to moisten it. The airt'or cooling the beds ot' grain traverses the tilter in a direction opposite to that taken by the water, and in so passing in contact with the water takes its temperature and is saturated with moisture. In winter the temperature ot' the airis thus raised by contact with the water, While in slimmer itis in the saine manner lowered, and as the waterfrom the wells is ata constant temperature, or about constant, during the whole year, it follows that the temperature ot the air will be easily regulated thereby, and that by its use a regular germination will al ways result; but as the temperature of the external air varies considerably, not only from one season to another, but between day and night during all seasons, it is desirable to be able to regulate the influx of fresh air at pleasure, so as not to waste water, and because of the dust which chokes the coke-filters. It is sutlicient to supply the quantity of oxygen necessary i'or the respiration ot' the germinating grain. Under the iniluence o'the motorG the air contained in the workinghalls passes through the steeping-vessels or germinatingdrums, as the case may be, and enters the main title or collector F, whence it again enters the motor (l, which discharges it, it' the damper K2 is open and K closed, into the chimney, or, said damper K2and the openingE beiugclosed and K opened, forces it through the flue F', to be regenerated and cooled in the coke-tower and again caused to makethetransitdescribed.

A simple examination of the arrangement of the registers shows that the absorption and the distribution of the air may be made systematically variable and regulated.

The extreme registers-that is,the door controlling the opening E, and the damper K2 con'- trolling the opening into the chimney-can be closed partly or entirely, as may also tbevalve K, so as to several times, in part or wholly, use the air contained in the halls byconstantly regenerating it. By partially closing the open ing E, the damper K2,and the valve K, a tiXed quantity ot' air only is admitted,and the same quantity ot' vitiated air is discharged.

The malster can vary the temperature ot' the air at ill by regulating the quantity ot' water which is showered upon the coke-Iilter and by regulating the quantity of air passing through the grain. For the water this is done by stopcocks in the shower-pipes S, and for the air by the gates, dampers .r in the pipes m ot' the stceping-vessels, the gates t applied to the germinating-vats D, or the valves J applied to the germinating-drums C.

To render the mass of grain in the vessels more permeable to airit may be transferred by the shovel from one into another at fixed in tei-vals of time, according to the age of the bed, but not over twice in twenty-four hours. To facilitate this operation the vessels are arranged in as manyseries ot` three, tive, or seven as the duration ofthe process continues in days, each series containingthe work ottwentytour hours. One vessel in each series is always empty to receive the contents ofthe others, and the number ot' vessels in each series will be determined by the magnitude of the establishment. If the vessels are made very large the shoveling may be done in the vessel itself by partitioning it ot't" and keeping one space vacant. Such a disposition of the cases reduces the labor of the ordinary operation IIS ` power.

one-half; but in countries where labor is scarce and expensive it is important, particularly for ,large establishments, to reduceits cost as much as possible by substituting for it a mechanical This is accomplished by the use of my revolving drums, Figs. 5 and 6, the grain steeped while undergoing ventilation an'd mechanical turning in the one, being discharged into the other on the iioor below, wherein its germination is completed while mechanically ventilated and stirred.

The malt-house is provided with an opening and roadway for a car, O, which may be run in under the germina'ting-drnms to receive the malt therefrom when it is desired to remove it, the said malt being discharged directly into the car through the openings C but this roadway will, of course, be closed by a suitable door when the pneumatic process is being proceeded with.

1. The process of moistenin g and tempering air and employing it in malting, which process consists in drawing a current ot air into contact with a quantity of coke, broken stone, and the like, which is moistened with well-water, and then passing the air thus moistened through the mass of grain undergoing treat ment, substantially as described.

2. In a malt-house, a series of steepingvessels arranged upon an open door, in combination with a series of germinating-vessels arranged beneath them, the former being provided with means for discharging their contents into the latter, substantially as described.

3. In germinating grain in the production of malt, the process of Ventilating the grain, which consists in passing a current of cooled and humid air from above downwardly through the mass of grain under treatment, whereby the natural gravity of the Carbonia-acid gas which is generated is utilized in carrying it oft', substantially as described.

4. The combination, with the coke-stack or lter, of the main and auxiliary air-ues Fand F', the air-passages, and valves or dampers controlling them, whereby fresh air may beintroduced and vitiated air simultaneously discharged, substantially as described.

5. Ihe combination, with the perforated cyL inders G2 G3 of the rotating cylindrical steeping-drum, of an air-pipe, E', and a sprinklingpipe, D', substantially as described.

6. The combination of the tower H, having tower inlet-opening E and upper outlet-opening, S', with the'showenpipe S, ilues F F', motor G, and line W, substantially as herein shown and described.

7. The combination of the vat A and its pipe m with the ue F, motor G, flue W, dampers k' k2, flue F', tower H, and sprinkler-pipe S, substantially as herein shown and described.

S. The combination of the vat` D, having false perforated bottom and opening J beneath the same, with the flue F, motor G, flue F', dampers k' k2, tower H, and sprinkling-pipe S, substantially as herein shown and described.

9. Therotating germinating-drum C, in combination with the inner pipe, R, bars T, and fingers L, substantially as herein shown and described.

l0. The combination of the rotating germi- JOSEPH G'ALLAND. 

